tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81974686235625925182024-03-13T19:24:39.745-07:00Nazimah AgustinaBerisi Tentang Tugas-Tugas Sekolah SayaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-47937730669534230722015-05-07T01:07:00.000-07:002015-05-07T01:07:03.431-07:00[Tutorial and Stock] How To Make Drama Romantic Wallpaper Using Photoshop<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 30px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/exo-m-k-overdose-images-teaser-2nd-wallpaper-by-nazimah-agustina-20140507.jpg?w=529&h=330" /><br /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2015/01/04/tutorial-and-stock-how-to-make-romantic-and-dramatic-wallpaper-using-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2015/01/04/tutorial-and-stock-how-to-make-romantic-and-dramatic-wallpaper-using-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-91835770866758245572015-05-07T01:04:00.001-07:002015-05-07T01:04:52.459-07:00Edit Stock] f(x) Victoria “Flower Girl” Wallpaper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 30px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/victoria-song-fx-flower-girl-wallpaper-by-nazimah-agustina.jpg?w=529&h=332" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/edit-stock-fx-victoria-flower-girl-wallpaper/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/edit-stock-fx-victoria-flower-girl-wallpaper/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-5693298000301938692015-05-07T01:01:00.003-07:002015-05-07T01:01:53.408-07:00Manipulation With Artist!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 30px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/preview-untuk-tutorial-membuat-foto-bareng-bias-kesayangan.jpg?w=529" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/05/10/tutorial-membuat-manipulasi-berfoto-dengan-artis-menggunakan-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/05/10/tutorial-membuat-manipulasi-berfoto-dengan-artis-menggunakan-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-63238557305994226972015-05-07T00:58:00.003-07:002015-05-07T00:58:24.044-07:00How To Use PSD Coloring<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/perbandingan-dari-photo-yang-tidak-memakai-psd-dan-yang-menggunakan-psd.jpg?w=529&h=382" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2013/11/10/tutorial-menggunakan-psd-coloring/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2013/11/10/tutorial-menggunakan-psd-coloring/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-41470438314253492812015-05-07T00:57:00.005-07:002015-05-07T00:57:50.015-07:00How To Make PSD Coloring<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/snsd-yoona-for-tutorial-how-to-make-psd-coloring.jpg?w=529&h=397" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2013/12/20/tutorial-cara-membuat-psd-coloring/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2013/12/20/tutorial-cara-membuat-psd-coloring/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-72203020988788391782015-05-07T00:57:00.001-07:002015-05-07T00:57:17.843-07:00How To Make PNG Photo!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/membuat-png-pack-sendiri-pada-photoshop-2.jpg?w=529&h=288" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2013/09/24/tutorial-membuat-photo-png-sendiri/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2013/09/24/tutorial-membuat-photo-png-sendiri/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-25270072685607355252015-05-07T00:55:00.001-07:002015-05-07T00:55:44.456-07:00[ YoonA ] How To Make Simple Wall But Interesting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="boardcontent">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/girls-generation-yoona-casio-for-tutorial-how-to-make-simple-wallpaper-but-interesting-and-elengant-shining-using-photoshop-2.jpg?w=529" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/tutorial-membuat-wallpaper-sederhana-namun-mengesankan/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/tutorial-membuat-wallpaper-sederhana-namun-mengesankan/</a></span> </div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-44661425694114050762015-05-07T00:46:00.001-07:002015-05-07T00:46:21.236-07:00How To Make Manipulation Underwater using Adobe Photoshop<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/fx-krystal-jung-korean-singer-for-tutorial-how-to-make-simple-manipulation-underwater-using-photoshop-by-nazimah-agustina.jpg?w=529" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/11/28/tutorial-stock-membuat-manipulasi-bawah-air-menggunakan-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/11/28/tutorial-stock-membuat-manipulasi-bawah-air-menggunakan-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-87279616861157621002015-05-07T00:45:00.005-07:002015-05-07T00:45:38.365-07:00Link Download PSD Stock SNSD Frame Wallpaper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 30px;"><b>Link Download PSD Stock SNSD Frame Wallpaper<br /><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/girls-generation-snsd-debut-7th-anniversary-party-2014.jpg?w=529&h=396" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/09/28/psd-file-snsd-for-7th-debut-party-wallpaper/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/09/28/psd-file-snsd-for-7th-debut-party-wallpaper/</a></b></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-69608800269144028232015-05-07T00:45:00.003-07:002015-05-07T00:45:08.741-07:00EXO Sehun Graphic Wallpaper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 30px;">EXO Sehun Graphic Wallpaper<br /><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/stock-sehun-abstrack-wallpaper-by-nazimah-agustina.jpg?w=529&h=330" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/psd-file-exo-k-sehun-graphic-wallpaper/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/psd-file-exo-k-sehun-graphic-wallpaper/</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-78008295080949487342015-05-07T00:44:00.002-07:002015-05-07T00:44:21.509-07:00Link and stock Wallpaper : SNSD Tiffany “Abstract “<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 30px;"><b><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/tutorial-how-to-make-abstract-wallpaper-using-photoshop-tiffany-snsd-girls-generation-20140801-happy-birthday-eye-smile-pink-monster.jpg" /><br />Link and stock Wallpaper : SNSD Tiffany “Abstract “<br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/08/01/tutorial-and-stock-how-to-make-abstract-wallpaper-using-adobe-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/08/01/tutorial-and-stock-how-to-make-abstract-wallpaper-using-adobe-photoshop/</a></b></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-47659927153192569422015-05-07T00:43:00.005-07:002015-05-07T00:43:49.052-07:00[Edit Stock] Girls’ Generation On 2015 Season Greeting “Cute Frame” Wallpaper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="boardcontent">
<span style="font-size: 30px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/snsd-2015-seasong-greeting-wallpaper-ot9.jpg?w=529&h=298" /><br /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/edit-stock-girls-generation-on-2015-season-greeting-cute-frame-wallpaper/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/edit-stock-girls-generation-on-2015-season-greeting-cute-frame-wallpaper/</a></span> </div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-71310358986084440472015-05-07T00:43:00.001-07:002015-05-07T00:43:17.818-07:00[Folder Icons] Super Junior – Mamacita, TaeTiSeo – Holler, and Red Velvet – Happiness<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;">Super Junior – Mamacita, TaeTiSeo – Holler, and Red Velvet – Happiness<br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/11/02/folder-icons-super-junior-mamacita-taetiseo-holler-and-red-velvet-happiness/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/11/02/folder-icons-super-junior-mamacita-taetiseo-holler-and-red-velvet-happiness/</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-6794219186235157742015-05-07T00:42:00.000-07:002015-05-07T00:42:07.297-07:00[Tutorial+Stock] EXO Kai : How To Make Shape Wallpaper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/exo-kai-shape-wallpaper-by-nazimah.jpg?w=529&h=330" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/10/26/tutorial-psd-file-membuat-wallpaper-dengan-shape-menggunakan-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/10/26/tutorial-psd-file-membuat-wallpaper-dengan-shape-menggunakan-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-60141363947186707922015-05-07T00:41:00.002-07:002015-05-07T00:41:30.441-07:00Tutorial and Stock] How To Make Simple Soft Poster Using Photoshop<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/tutorial-and-stock-bagaimana-cara-membuat-poster-fanfic-softsederhana-dengan-photoshop-baekyeon-baekhyun-taeyeon-exo-snsd-exoshidae.jpg?w=529" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/10/19/tutorial-and-stock-how-to-make-simple-soft-poster-using-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/10/19/tutorial-and-stock-how-to-make-simple-soft-poster-using-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-47313716230331324432015-05-07T00:40:00.001-07:002015-05-07T00:40:36.673-07:00How To Make Cover fanfic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/tutorial-and-stock-membuat-cover-fanfic-dengan-banyak-cast-menggunakan-photoshop-lovely-happy-suho-sulli-krystal-sunny-taemin-minho.jpg?w=529" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/06/12/tutorial-and-stock-membuat-cover-fanfic-dengan-banyak-cast-menggunakan-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/06/12/tutorial-and-stock-membuat-cover-fanfic-dengan-banyak-cast-menggunakan-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-82384720323571270292015-05-07T00:38:00.002-07:002015-05-07T00:38:58.608-07:00How To Make fancy Cover<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: 38px;"><img alt="" class="boardpic" src="http://nazimahelfish.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/good-boy-for-tutorial-how-to-make-cover-fancy-happy-romantic-comedy-humor-using-photoshop-by-nazimah-agustina.jpg?w=529" /><br /><a class="targetblank" href="http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/tutorial-and-stock-cara-mudah-membuat-cover-fanfiction-genre-happy-dengan-photoshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://nazimahelfish.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/tutorial-and-stock-cara-mudah-membuat-cover-fanfiction-genre-happy-dengan-photoshop/</a></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-63819053866798967412013-05-01T19:50:00.003-07:002013-05-01T19:50:51.457-07:00Wacana Pendidikan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendidikan
ialah segala usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mengembangkan potensi jasmani dan
rohani peserta didik ke arah kedewasaan. Jadi pendidikan merupakan usaha
pendewasaan yang dilakukan untuk peserta didik nantinya setelah mereka hidup
bermasyarakat. Sedangkan tujuan pendidikan yakni membentuk manusia untuk menjadi
lebih baik. Dalam proses pendidikan juga menganjurkan agar anak-anak didik
sesuai dengan alamnya atau pengalamannya. Maka dari itu pendidikan harus juga
memperhatikan pengetahuan serta pengalaman dari peserta didik itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
Undang-Undang No 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, Bab I, Pasal
I, disebutkan bahwa pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk
mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara
aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual
keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta
keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan Negara. Jadi
semestinya pendidikan menjadi sarana bagi masyarakat untuk dapat mengembangkan
potensi-potensi yang ada pada diri mereka yang nantinya dapat melaksanakan
fungsinya sebagai manusia seutuhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
pendidikan kita telah berupaya ke arah tujuan tersebut? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalau dilakukan
analisis kritis terhadap posisi pendidikan dan pelatihan dalam struktur sosial
kapitalisme Neo Liberal saat ini, ternyata pendidikan telah menjadi bagian yang
mereproduksi sistem dan strukur yang ada. Sehingga pendidikan dan pelatihan
lebih menjadi masalah ketimbang pemecahan. Posisi pendidikan dan pelatihan
lebih kepada menyiapkan ‘sumber daya manusia’ untuk mereprodusi sistem
tersebut. Dengan posisi seperi itu, setiap usaha pendidikan dan pelatihan
berarti ikut menyumbangkan dan melanggengkan ketidak adilan dari sistem
tersebut, serta tdidak mampu memainkan peran dalam demokratisasi dan keadilan
serta penegakan HAM. Dengan kata lain pendidikan dan pelatihan telah gagal
memerankan visi utamanya yakni <i>‘memanusiakan manusia’</i>untuk menjadi
subyek transformasi sosial. Transformasi yang dimaksud adalah suatu proses
penciptaan hubungan yang secara fundamental baru dan lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atas dasar itu
dibutuhkan perenungan yang mendasar tentang fungsi dan peran setiap usaha
pendidikan dan pelatihan. Dalam kaitan transformasi sosial perlu didorong untuk
setiap usaha pendidikan dan pelatihan memerankan peran kritis terhadap
pelanggaran hak azasi manusia. Dilemanya adalah terjadi saling ketergantungan
secara dialektis antara pendidikan kritis dan sistem sosial yang demokratis
yang menghargai hak-hak azasi manusia. Pendidikan kritis membutuhkan lingkungan
sosial yang demokratis dan adil serta sistem yang menghargai HAM. Dalam system
social yang sangat totaliter dan merendahkan HAM serta tidak demokratis dalam
model Negara apapun, sulit bagi pendidikan memerankan peran kritisnya.
Sebaliknya suatu sistem sosial yang demokratis dan adil serta menghargai HAM
hanya bisa diwujudkan melalui suatu sistem pendidikan yang kritis, demokratis,
dan berprinsipkan keadilan. Dengan kata lain, pendidikan kritis membutuhkan
ruang yang demokratis, dan untuk menciptakan demokratis diperlukan pendidikan
kritis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Pendidikan Indonesia sudah
kehilangan arah. Pendidikan di Indonesia dalam bentuk sekolah telah tercerabut
dari akar kesejarahan sistem pendidikan nasional. Pendidikan di Indonesia sudah
tidak lagi bertumpu pada nilai-nilai dasar pendidikan yang memerdekakan,
pendidikan yang menyadarkan dan pendidikan yang memanusiakan manusia muda dan
pengangkatan manusia muda ke taraf insani. Pendidikan di Indonesia hanya
berorientasi pasar.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Awal mula proses pendidikan di
dunia ini diawali dari kebutuhan hidup manusia, untuk terus mencari jati diri
sebagai manusia yang unggul dibandingkan makhluk lain. Maka tak heran jika
banyak filosofi kehidupan dan teks-teks suci selalu menobatkan manusia sebagai
makhluk paling sempurna, maka misi menjadi makhluk sempurna-terbatas ini harus
menjadi tidak sekedar pengakuan dan keakuan, tapi harus bisa diwujudkan sebagai
sebuah sistem nyata yang bisa bekerja untuk pembuktian dan proses pewujudan
manusia sebagai makhluk paling sempurna. Mungkin kita sering mendengar bahwa
tujuan pendidikan yang sesungguhnya adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">memanusiakan
manusia,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>artinya ada
potensi manusia bisa menjadi bukan manusia yang harus ditangkal oleh
pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode";">Selama ini sudah banyak berkembang
teori pendidikan, untuk menunjukkan bahwa dunia pendidikan tidak pernah
berhenti melakukan inovasi dan melakukan penggalian khasanah potensi positif
pada manusia, tapi sayangnya tidak banyak diantara para pendidik yang berani
melakukan proses kreatif dengan cara membongkar dan mendiagnosis praktik-praktik
tradisional dalam proses pendidikan, ini sering terjadi di sekolah-sekolah
formal. Pendidik cenderung menjadikan proses pendidikan dan pembelajaran
sebagai kegiatan rutin yang acap kali tak memiliki toleransi terhadap minat dan
bakat siswa. Siswa diperlakukan seperti pasien yang harus tunduk dan patuh
dalam asupan dosis belajar yang telah dibuat pendidik, maka tak mengherankan
jika dikemudian hari siswa-siswa kita hanya pintar menggunakan otak dan
memainkan bahasa, tapi lemah integrasi sikap social dan tanggung jawabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-65912364287045928692013-04-22T01:31:00.000-07:002013-04-22T01:31:26.945-07:00BAB 7. PERUBAHAN FISIKA DAN KIMIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB 7. PERUBAHAN
FISIKA DAN KIMIA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 27.0pt 36.0pt 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 27.0pt 36.0pt 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Standar Kompetensi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memahami berbagai sifat dalam perubahan
fisika dan kimia</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompetensi Dasar</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membandingkan sifat fisika dan sifat kimia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melakukan pemisahan campuran campuran dengan
berbagai cara berdasarkan sifat fisika dan sifat kimia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyimpulkan perubahan fisika dan kimia
berdasarkan hasil percobaan sederhana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.4</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengidentifikasi terjadinya
reaksi kimia melalui percobaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Sifat Materi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ukuran, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sifat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat Intensif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh ukuran materi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>titik beku, titik didih,
kerapatan, warna, dan kereaktifan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat
Ekstensif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat yang dipengaruhi oleh ukuran materi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>massa, berat, panjang, dan volume.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap materi, sifat materi dapat
dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat Fisika</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat dari materi yang dapat diamati secara langsung dan
tidak merusak zat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>warna, bau, massa,
wujud, titik beku, titik didih, tingkat kekerasan, daya hantar baik panas
maupun listrik dan tingkat kekerasan.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Kelarutan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah maksimal suatu zat yang dapat larut pada suhu
tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kecepatan kelarutan suatu zat dipengaruhi oleh suhu, ukuran
zat terlarut, jumlah zat pelarut, dan pengadukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Tingkat kekerasan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemampuan zat padat untuk tahan terhadap goresan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat Kimia</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.5pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat yang dapat diamati ketika suatu reaksi kimia terjadi
pada suatu zat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 24.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mudah
berkarat, mudah terbakar, perubahan pH, dan beracun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pemisahan Campuran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memisahkan zat-zat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penyusun suatu campuran dengan tujuan mendapatakan suatu zat murni yang
kita perlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Metode pemisahan campuran berdasarkan sifat fisika:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pengayakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini dilakukan untuk memisahkan campuran yang terdiri dari
padatan dan padatan dengan ukuran partikel berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memisahkan pasir
dengan batu kerikil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ukuran ayakan dinyatakan dalam mesh, banyaknya lubang tiap inch
persegi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Dekantir</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini digunakan untuk memisahkan antara cairan dengan
padatan berukuran besar yang dapat mengendap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memisahkan beras
dengan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini di sebut juga metode tuang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Penyaringan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini dilakukan untuk memisahkan campuran antara cairan
dengan padatan yang biasanya berukuran kecil dan tidak mengendap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>penjernihan air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Residu</b>, patikel yang tertinggal pada alat saringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Filtrat</b>, zat cair yang lolos dari saringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini disebut juga metode filtrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Sentrifugasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini digunakan untuk memisahkan campuran antara cairan
dengan padatan yang ukurannya sangat kecil dan tersebar merata pada cairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini berkerja berdasarkan gaya sentrifugal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Campuran yang akan dipisahkan dimasukan dalam tabung reaksi
kemudian tabung diletakan dalam alat sentrifugasai lalu diputar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini dikenal juga dengan nama pemusingan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pemisahan sel
darah dan pemurnian bakteri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Evaporasi</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini digunakan untuk memisakan padatan yang larut dalam
cairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini disebut juga penguapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>proses pembuatan
garam dari air laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Sublimasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Metode ini digunakan untuk memisahkan
campuran suatu zat dengan zat lain yang dapat menyublim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>zat yang
tercampur dengan kapur barus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Destilasi</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini digunakan untuk memisahkan larutan yang terdiri dari
zat-zat yang memiliki perbedaan titik didih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembuatan air tawar dari air laut dan proses
pengolahan minyak bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ekstraksi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode
ini digunakan untuk memisahkan campuran yang terdiri cairan-cairan yang tidak
bercampur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memisahkan minyak dengan air.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Metode ini dikenal juga dengan nama corong pisah.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kromatografi</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini digunakan untuk memisahkan campuran yang terdiri dari
zat-zat yang memiliki perbedaan tingkat kelarutan.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mengetahui
warna-warna dalam tinta.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ferromagnet</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini digunakan untuk memisahkan serbuk besi yang tercampur
dengan larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pemisahan serbuk
besi dari lumpur bahan keramik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Metode pemisahan campuran berdasarkan sifat kimia</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Koagulasi</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini dilakukan dengan tujuan pengendapan, penambahan bahan
kimia pada campuran akan mengikat salah satu zat penyusun campuran untuk
membentuk <i>flok</i> sehingga terjadi gumpalan dan pengendapan.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>untuk mempercepat
proses penjernihan air dari lumpur dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan tawas.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Perbahan Materi</span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perubahan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dibagi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi dua, yaitu:</span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perunbahan Fisika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Perubahan yang tidak menghasilkan
zat baru atau perubahan yang bersifat timbal balik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Perubahan yang terjadi hanya pada wujud dan bentuk benda.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>es menjadi
air, batu besar menjadi kerikil, pencampuran zat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Beberapa penyebab terjadinya perubahan fisika:</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perubahan
suhu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 32.9pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pencampuran
zat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.9pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 32.9pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.9pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>proses
mekanik, misalnya pemotongan</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perubahan Kimia/Reaksi
Kimia</b></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Perubahan yang menghasilkan zat baru atau perubahan yang secara
umum tidak bersifat timbal balik.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kertas terbakar,
pembusukan makanan, petasan meledak, besi berkarat, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Beberapa penyebab terjadinya perubahan kimia:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.9pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 32.9pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.9pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembakaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.9pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 23.8pt 32.9pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pencampuran
zat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>aliran
listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi Kimia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disebut
juga perubahan kimia yaitu suatu bentuk perubahan yang dapat menghasilkan zat
baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Penulisan persamaan reaksi kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi berlangsung satu
arah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi antara logam natrium dengan air akan menghasilkan
natrium hidoksida dan gas hidrogen, tapi hal ini tidak berlaku untuk proses
sebaliknya</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="211" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 10.5pt 36.0pt 63.0pt 81.0pt 90.0pt 99.0pt 126.0pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>reaktan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>produk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi berlangsung
bolak-balik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi antara gas nitrogen dengan hidrogen akan
menghasilkan gas amonia, hal ini nuga akan berlaku pada proses sebaliknya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -8.0pt; position: relative; top: 8.0pt;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="151" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 15.4pt 36.0pt 63.0pt 81.0pt 82.6pt 108.0pt 153.0pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>reaktan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>produk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arti notasi-notasi yang terdapat pada persamaan reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>wujud zat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 36.0pt 43.5pt 45.0pt 54.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>s<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">solid atau padat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 36.0pt 43.5pt 45.0pt 54.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>l<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">liquid atau cair</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 36.0pt 43.5pt 45.0pt 54.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>aq<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">aqua atau larut dal
cair</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.8pt; tab-stops: 23.8pt 36.0pt 43.5pt 45.0pt 54.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">gas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>reaktan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>artinya
zat pereaksi, zat-zat yang direaksikan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>produk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>artinya
zat hasil, zat-zat yang dihasilkan selam proses reaksi kimia.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri-Ciri
Reaksi Kimia</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ciri-ciri
adanya reaksi kimia:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perubahan warna</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembentukan gas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perubahan suhu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembentukan endapan</span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Reaksi Eksotermis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melepaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>energi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>panas berlangsung spontan, dan ditandai dengan
kenaikan suhu.</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembakaran kayu,
proses pernafasan, dan reaksi logam magnesium dengan air.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Reaksi</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> <b>Endotermis</b></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membutuhkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>energi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umunya tidak berlangsung
spontan, dan ditanadai dengan penurunan suhu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Kecepatan Reaksi Kimia</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kecepatan:</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ukuran partikel
zat-zat pereaksi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>suhu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>konsentrasi atau kadar zat-zat pereaksi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">penambahan katalis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Enzim merupakan salah satu contoh dari katalis biologi.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Reaksi Kimia</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> <b>Di Sekitar Kita</b></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Korosi</b></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disebut juga karat hal ini terjadi pada logam yang bereaksi
dengan oksigen (udara, air).</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usaha mencegah korosi:</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pengecatan</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>melapisi dengan logam
lain, biasanya digunakan logam timah, seng, krom.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>melapisi dengan plastik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mengolesi dengan minyak<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-72498968090280017472013-04-07T01:13:00.002-07:002013-04-07T01:13:50.889-07:00Parafrasa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">BAB VI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">MEMBUAT PARAFRASA LISAN DALAM KONTEKS BEKERJA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pengertian Parafrasa</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Berdasarkan Kamus Besar Indonesia, parafrasa adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pengungkapan kembali suatu tuturan dari sebuah tingkatan atau macam bahasa menjadi macam yanglain tanpa mengubah pengertiannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Penguraian kembali sebuah teks (karangan) dalam bentuk (susunan kata-kata) yang lain, dengan maksud untuk dapat menjelaskan makna yang tersembunyi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parafrasa mengandung arti pengungkapan kembali suatu tuturan atau karangan menjadi bentuk lain namun tidak mengubah pengertian awal parafrasa tampil dalam bentuk lain dari bentuk aslinya, misalnya sbuah wacana asli menjadi wacana yang lebih ringkas, bentuk puisi ke prosa, drama ke prosa, dan sebaliknya. Parafrasa cenderung diuraikan dengan menggunakan bahasa si pembuat parafrasa bukan diambil dari kalimat sumber aslinya apalagi membuat parafrasa secara lisan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Memparafrasakan sesuatu tuturan atau karangan secara lisan bisa dilakukan setelah mendengar tuturan lisan atau setelah membaca suatu naskah tulisan. Hal itu lazim dilakukan oleh orang yang sudah terbiasa membuat parafrasa. Untuk mereka yang baru dalam tahap belajar, langkah membuat parafrasa ialah dengan cara meringkasnya terlebih dahulu. Namun, harus diingat parafrasa disusun dengan bahas sendiri, bukan dengan bahas asli si penulis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cara membuat Parafrasa</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span> </span>Berikut adalah hal yang perlu dilakukan untuk membuat parafrasa dari sebuah bacaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bacalah naskah yang akan di parafrasakan sampai selesai untuk memperoleh gambaran umum isi bacaan/tulisan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bacalah naskah sekali lagi dengan memberi tanda pada bagian-bagian penting dan kata-kata kunci yang terdapat pada bacaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Catatlah kata inti dan kata-kata kunci secara berurut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kembangkan kalimat inti dan kata-kata kunci menjadi gagasan pokok yang sesuai dengan topik bacaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Uraikan kembali gagasan pokok menjadi paragraf yang singkat dengan bahas sendiri.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Membuat parafrasa lisan berarti uraian tertulis yang telah dibaca atau yang telah didengar, diungkapkan kembali secara lisan dengan kalimat sendiri dengan menerapka teknik membuat parafrasa sama seperti di atas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Membaca informasi secara cermat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Memahami isi informasi secara umum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menulis inti atau pokok informasi dengan kalimat sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mencatat kalimat pokok atau inti secara urut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mengembangkan kalimat inti atau kata-kata kunci menjadi pokok-pokok pikiran yang sesuai dengan tema /topik informasi sumber.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(6)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menyampaikan atau menguraikan secara lisan pokok pikiran tersebut dengan menggunakan kata atau kalimat sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(7)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jika kesulitan menguraikannya, hal dibawah ini dapat membantu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Gunakan kata-kata yang bersinonim dengan kataaslinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Gunakan ungkapan yang sepadan jika terdapat ungkapan untuk membedakan dengan uraian aslinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ubahlah kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung atau kalimat aktif menjadi pasif.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jika menggunakan narasi, bisa menggunakan kata ganti orang ketiga.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>C.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Memparafrasakan Puisi Menjadi Prosa</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span> </span>Puisi merupakan salah satu karya sastra yang bentuknya tidak sama dengan prosa atau karangan biasa. Puisi terbagi ke dalam larik-larik atau bait. Pada puisi terdapat banyak kata-kata yang bermakna kias atau konotasi. Oleh karena itu, isi atau tema puisi biasanya tersirat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span> </span>Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam memparafrasakan puisi menjadi prosa ialah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bacalah atau dengarkan pembacaan puisi dengan seksama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pahami isi kandungan puisi secara utuh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jelaskan kata-kata kias atau ungkapan yang terdapat dalam puisi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Uraikan kembali isi puisi secara tertulis dalm bentuk prosa dengan menggunakan kalimat sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sampaikan secara lisan atau dibacakan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">D.Memparafrasakan Nasfah Drama Menjadi Prosa atau Cerita</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Naskah drama juga termasuk karya sastra memiliki ciri khas tersendiri. Naskah drama terdiri atas uraian cerita dan dialog, namun lebih banyak unsur dialognya. Dalam naskah drama, tokoh di tulis berjajar di sebelah kiri diikuti dengan percakapan tokoh tersebut. Sesekali terdapat penjelasan mengenai gerakan, perilaku, pikiran, atau perasaan si tokoh yang di tulis di dalam kurung. Memparafrasa naskah drama sama dengan puisi, yaitu kita harus membacanya untuk memahami jalan ceritanya secara utuh. Jika dalam piisi terdapat simbol, pada naskah drama, kita harus memperhatikan unsur berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pahami <i>setting </i>atau latar cerita.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pahami dialog dan ambil simpulannya secara menyeluruh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>(3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pahami penjelasan tentang tokoh yang ada di dalam kurung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Setelah mendapat kesan secara umum jalan cerita<span> </span>dalam naskah drama, uraikan kembali cerita drama ke bentuk prosa singkat dengan menggunakan bahasa sendiri.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">E. Pola Penyajian Informasi Lisan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Beberapa pola penyajian atau penyampaian informasi secara lisan adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pola contoh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parafrasa dengan pola contoh dikembangkan memerinci atau memberikan ilusteasi untuk menjelaskan ide pokoknya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pola Proses</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parafrasa di uraikan dalam bentuk proses, dengan memerinci cara kerja, langkah-langkah atau tahapan pelaksanaan. Parafrasa dengan pola ini berberntuk uraian ekspositoris.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pola Sebab Akibat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parafrasa dengan pola ini diawali dengan mengemukakan atau menggambarkan hal-hal yang menunjukkan sebab dan akhiri dengan suatu akibat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pola Urutan/Kronologis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parafrasa pola ini pemaparannya diuraikan berdasarkan urutan waktu dan rangkaian kejadiannya. Parafrasa pada pola urutan/kronologis bersifat narasi.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-44130681934471764542013-04-07T01:04:00.002-07:002013-04-07T01:04:31.073-07:00BAB 8. GERAK LURUS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">BAB 8. GERAK LURUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Memahami gejala-gejala alam melalui pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kompetensi Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menganalisis data
percobaan gerak lurus beraturan dan gerak lurus berubah beraturan serta
penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Definis Gerak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perubahan posisi benda terhadap titik acuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Gerak relatif<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semua gerak bersifat relatif tergantung dari titik acuan yang
dipilih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seorang yang
duduk di dalam bis yang sedang bergerak, ilustrasi gerak yang terjadi adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mobil bergerak terhadap pohon di pinggir jalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>orang bergerak terhadap jalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>orang tidak bergerak terhadap mobil atau
sebaliknya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Gerak semu</b>, merupakan gerak yang tidak sebenarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak matahari dari timur ke barat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak pohon menjauhi kendaraan yang sedang
bergerak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Macam-macam lintasan gerak:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak lurus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak melingkar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak parabola<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak tak beraturan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Gerak Lurus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gerak lurus adalah gerak dengan lintasan lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Jarak dan Perpindahan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jarak adalah panjang seluruh lintasan yang telah ditempuh tanpa
memperhatikan arah gerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perpindahan adalah perubahan kedudukan benda dari posisi awal
hingga posisi akhir dengan memperhatika arah gerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kelajuan dan Kecepatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelajuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>adalah hasil bagi
antara jarak tempuh dengan waktu tempuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kecepatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>adalah hasil
bagi antara perpindahan dengan waktu tempuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumus jarak dan perpindahan dalam hal ini sama yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keterangan:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kelajuan
atau perpindahan dengan satuan meter/detik (m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>s<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>jarak tempuh
atau perpindahan dengan satuan meter (m)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>t<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>waktu tempuh dengan satuan detik (s)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kelajuan rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelajuan rata-rata adalah hasil bagi antara jarak total dengan
waktu total.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -17.0pt; position: relative; top: 17.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Gerak Lurus Beraturan </span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gerak lurus beraturan (GLB) dapat didefinisikan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak
dengan kelajuan tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak
dengan kecepatan tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> denga percepatan nol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
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<![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 133px; left: 0px; margin-left: 36px; margin-top: 48px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 114px; z-index: -4;"><img height="133" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/hayanet/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="114" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak dengan lintasan
lurus danmenghasilkan jarak tempuh yang sama untuk selang waktu yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Grafik s terhadap t<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Grafik v
terhadap t<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt 1.25in 117.0pt 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Gerak Lurus Berubah</span></b><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> Beraturan</span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gerak Lurus berubah beraturan (GLBB) dapat didefinisikan sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak dengan lintasan lurus yang mengalami </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">peningkatan kelajuan atau kecepatan secara teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak dengan lintasan lurus yang mengalami penurunan kelajuan atau
kecepatan secara teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gerak yang mengalami percepatan atau perlambatan yang tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 20.3pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percepatan adalah hasil bagi
antara kecepatan dengan waktu tempuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keterangan:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>percepatan atau perlambatan dengan satuan meter /detik<sup>2</sup>
(m/s<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v<sub>t</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kelajuan atau kecepatan akhir dengan satuan
meter/detik (m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.7pt; tab-stops: 20.3pt 30.0pt 39.9pt 45.0pt 49.7pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
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meter/detik (m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a (–) artinya perlambatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-17440424106790414982013-04-07T01:03:00.002-07:002013-04-07T01:03:25.279-07:00BAB 2. ASAM, BASA, DAN GARAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB 2. ASAM, BASA, DAN GARAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Standar
Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memahami
klasifikasi zat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompetensi Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengelompokkan
sifat larutan asam, larutan basa, dan larutan garam melalui alat dan indkator
yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.2.Melakukan percobaan sederhana dengan
bahan-bahan yang diperoleh dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengertian
Asam, Basa, Dan Garam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Asam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Acidus
dari bahasa Latin yang berarti masam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Zat
yang jika dilarutkan dalam air akan menghasilkan ion H<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat-sifat
asam:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rasanya masam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pH < 7, makin kecil pH asam akan semakin
kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dapat menghantarkan listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mengubah lakmus biru menjadi merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dapat beraksi dengan logam dan karbonat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Reaksi
dengan logam, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asam dapat
bereaksi dengan logam kecuali tembaga, emas, dan perak untuk menghasikan garam
dan gas hidrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Asam+logam</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">garam+gas
hidrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi
dengan karbonat akan menghasilkan garam, air dan gas CO<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Asam+karbonat</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">garam+air+CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Manfaat asam: pembuatan obat-obatan, pupuk,
bahan peledak, membersihkan karat, pengawet makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place>
dua jenis asam berdasarkan sumber penghasil asam:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asam
organik, asam yang dihasilkan dari mahluk hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asam
buatan/sintetis, disebut juga asam mineral karena berasal dari batuan mineral.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
kekuatannya, asam dibagi menjadi dua:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asam kuat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>terionisasi sempurna dalam air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>merusak kulit, kain dan logam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asam lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>terionisasi
sebagian dalam air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dapat
di minum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Basa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama
lainnya adalah alkali berasal dari bahasa Arab yang berarti abu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Zat
yang jika dilarutkan dalam air akan menghasilkan ion <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat-sifat
basa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rasanya pahit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pH > 7, makin besar pH sifat basa akan
semakin kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dapat menghantarkan listrik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>licin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dapat menyebabkan gatal-gatal pada kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mengubah lakmus merah menjadi biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dapat bereaksi dengan garam amonium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Basa+Garam
amonium</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Garam+Air + Amoniak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>manfaat basa: industri semen, produk pembersih-sabun,
pasta gigi, pembuatan kue, dan obat-obatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Garam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terbentuk
dari reaksi antara asam dan basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Asam+Basa</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Garam+Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ciri-ciri garam:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rasanya asin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bersifat netral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Indikator Asam-Basa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bahan/alat
yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
larutan bersifat asam, basa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau netral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indikator
Alami<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Indikator yang berasal dari bahan alami,
seperti tanaman kunyit, bougenvile, kubis, bunga kembang sepatu, dan
mawar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanaman-tanaman tersebut akan
menunjukkan perubahan warna pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>larutan
asam dan basah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Indikator
Buatan<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indikator
sintetis<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Umumnya merupakan larutan asam lemah atau
basah lemah yang akan berubah warna jika dicampurkan pada suatu larutan dengan
pH tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kertas
Lakmus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan sifatnya
asam dan basa dapat merubah warna kertas lakmus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .95in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: aqua; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Zat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: aqua; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Warna Lakmus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: aqua; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: aqua; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="60">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.3pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Asam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 5.3pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 5.3pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Basa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: center 45.0pt right .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: center 45.0pt right .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: center 45.0pt right .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Garam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: center 45.0pt right .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b>c.</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Indikator Universal<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Indikator universal berupa kertas berwarna
yang memiliki trayek pH yang akan memberikan perubahan warna pada setiap
perubahan pH yang terjadi ketika dicelupkan pada larutan asam atau basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>pH
meter<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat ukur pH digital yang akan memberikan
informasi nilai pH suatu larutan lebih akurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Penggaraman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>basa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan menghasilkan zat yang bersifat netral
yaitu garam dan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Manfaat
reaksi penggaraman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bidang
Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sakit gigi, akibat tingkat keasaman mulut yang
tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sakit maag, akibat asam lambung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sengatan serangga, akibat cairan asam atau
basah dari serangga masuk ke dalam tubuh kita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bidang
Industri dan Pertanian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perawatan kolam renang, obat pembunuh bakteri biasanya
bersifat asam sering kali membuat mata pedih sehingga perlu dinetralkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tanah pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-61430885789981808272013-04-07T01:01:00.003-07:002013-04-07T01:01:36.652-07:00Kalor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB 6. KALOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memahami wujud zat dan perubahannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kompetensi Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melakukan percbaan yang berkaitan dengan pemuaian
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengertian Kalor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalor<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Panas, bentuk energi yang berpindah karena perbedaan suhu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penting Untuk Diketahui<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perpindahan kalor-energi secara alami selalu terjadi dari benda
bersuhu tinggi ke benda bersuhu rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perpindahan kalor-energi dari suhu rendah ke suhu tinggi dapat
terjadi hanya dengan bantuan alat, misalnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">AC</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Freezer.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Satuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>joule<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">J </span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">kalori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( kal )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 kalori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 4,186 joule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 joule<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
0,24 kalori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penting Untuk Diketahui<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor tidak dapat diciptakan atau dimusnakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor dapat mengalir dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain karena
perbedaan suhu.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalor
Dapat Mengubah Wujud Zat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyublim
(Padat ke Gas)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses ini memerlukan kalor (Q +)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kapur
barus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iodine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CO<sub>2</sub>
(es kering)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyublim
(Gas ke Padat)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses ini melepaskan kalor (Q –)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kapur
barus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iodine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CO<sub>2</sub>
(es kering)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Meleleh/Melebur
(Padat ke Cair)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses ini
memerlukan kalor (Q +)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>es
menjadi air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mentega menjadi minyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Titik Lebur, angka
suhu yang menunjukkan tepat dimulainya proses peleburan/pelelehan suatu zat
dari kondisi padat ke cair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Titik lebur suatu zat akan turun jika <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tekanan di atas zat
padat dinaikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memberi campuran,
sehingga zat dibuat tidak murni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Regelasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>, gejala meleburnya bagian balok es yang
diberi beban (tekanan luar) dan membeku kembali sesaat setelah beban dihilangkan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor lebur (L), kalor
yang diperlukan untuk meleburkan 1 kg zat padat pada titik leburnya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Membeku
(Cair ke Padat)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses ini
melepaskan kalor (Q –)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>air
menjadi es<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>minyak
menjadi mentega<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Titik beku, angka
suhu yang menunjukkan tepat dimulainya proses pembekuan suatu zat dari kondisi
cairke padat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor beku (L),
kalor yang diperlukan untuk membekukan 1 kg zat cair pada titik bekunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menguap (Cair ke
Gas)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses ini
memerlukan kalor (Q +)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh: air menjadi uap air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor Uap (U),
kalor yang diperlukan untuk menguapkan 1 kg zat cair pada titik didihnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penguapan terjadi
pada sembarang suhu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Zat cair menguap
karena beberapa molekulnya bergerak lebih cepat daripada molekul-molekul lainnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam zat cair, molekul-molekul saling
bertabrakan, dan molekul-molekul yang bergerak lebih cepat dan dekat ke
permukaan dapat meninggalkan molekul-molekul lainnya untuk membentuk gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penguapan dapat
dipercepat dengan cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memperluas permukaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>meniupkan udara di atas
permukaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">enguapan disebut juga pendinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyemburkan zat cair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mengurangi tekanan pada
permukaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mendidih<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Zat cair dikatakan mendidih jika gelembung-gelembung uap
terjadi di dalam seluruh zat cair dapat meninggalkan zat cair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Titik didih, angka
suhu yang menunjukkan tepat dimulainya proses pendidihan suatu zat dari kondisi
cair ke gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Titik didih akan naik jika:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tekanan pada permukaan
zat cair dinaikkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>memberi campuran, sehingga zat cair dibuat tidak murni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengembun
(Gas ke Cair)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses ini
melepaskan kalor (Q –)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh: hujan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor embun sama
dengan kalor uap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AZAS
BLACK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ketika dua zat bercampur atau bersentuhan, maka yang terjadi
adalah adanya aliran kalor dari zat yang bersuhu tinggi (melepas kalor) ke zat
yang bersuhu rendah (menerima kalor) sampai diperoleh suatu kondisi dmana tak
ada lagi kalor yang mengalir–<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kesetimbangan
termal.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kalor Lepas = Kalor Terima<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perumusan
Kalor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalor
Untuk Perubahan Suhu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m c </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kalor<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>massa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(kg)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kalor
jenis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J/kg 0C)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perubahan suhu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(0C)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kapasitas
kalor<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J/<sup>0</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalor
Untuk Perubahan Wujud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melebur–Membeku
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menguap–engembun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m L<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m
U<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kalor<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kalor lebur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J/kg)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>U<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kalor uap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J/kg)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hubungan
Kalor dan Daya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>W<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P x </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">t<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">W<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>energi listrik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(J)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>daya listrik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(W)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">t<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>selang
waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(s)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Azas
Black<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<sub>
Lepas</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<sub> Terima<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m<sub>1</sub>
c<sub>1</sub> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T<sub>1</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m<sub>2</sub> c<sub>2</sub> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m1
c1 (T1 – T)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m2 c2 (T – T2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>T1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>suhu
benda 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>T2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>suhu
benda 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>T<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>suhu
keseimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>T1
> T >T<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
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<![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 162px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 264px; z-index: -1;"><img height="162" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/hayanet/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="264" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Teknik Perhitungan Kalor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.9pt;" valign="top" width="33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Proses
perlu kalor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #CCFFFF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Proses
melepas kalor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.9pt;" valign="top" width="33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A→B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m c<sub>es</sub>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B→A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m c<sub>es</sub>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.9pt;" valign="top" width="33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B→C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C→B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.9pt;" valign="top" width="33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C→D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m c<sub>air</sub>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D→C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m c<sub>air</sub>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.9pt;" valign="top" width="33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D→E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D→E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.9pt;" valign="top" width="33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C→D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m c<sub>uap</sub>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D→C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Q = m c<sub>uap</sub>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:14.65pt;
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mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
filled="t">
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o:title="" cropleft="13135f" cropright="12001f"/>
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<![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -3;"><span style="height: 147px; left: 20px; position: absolute; top: -12px; width: 228px;"><img height="147" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/hayanet/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="228" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalor Lepas – Kalor Terima<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pelepas Panas<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wadah A melepaskan kalor karena dia memiliki suhu yang lebih
tinggi dibandingkan dengan wadah C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banyaknya kalor yang dilepaskan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 48.0pt 54.05pt 66.0pt 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<sub>L<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= m<sub>A</sub> c<sub>A</sub> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T<sub>AB</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 48.0pt 54.05pt 66.0pt 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
m<sub>A</sub> c<sub>A</sub>(T<sub>1</sub> – T)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penerima Panas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wadah B menerima kalor karena dia memiliki suhu yang lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan wadah A.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 12.0pt 25.9pt 44.1pt 54.05pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banyaknya kalor yang diterima;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 48.0pt 54.05pt 66.0pt 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<sub>T</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= m<sub>C</sub> c<sub>C</sub> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T<sub>CB</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 48.0pt 54.05pt 66.0pt 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
m<sub>C</sub> c<sub>C</sub> (T – T<sub>2</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Azas Black<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 48.0pt 54.05pt 66.0pt 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q<sub>L<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub> = Q<sub>T</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 48.0pt 54.05pt 66.0pt 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>m<sub>A</sub>
c<sub>A</sub>(T<sub>A</sub> – T) = m<sub>C</sub> c<sub>C</sub> (T – T<sub>C</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perpindahan Kalor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Konduksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perpindahan kalor melalui zat tanpa disertai perpindahan
partikel-partikel zat tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>umumnya terjadi pada zat padat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">konduktor</b>, penghantar
kalor yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">isolator</b>, penghantar
kalor yang buruk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penting Untuk Diketahui<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Zat padat konduktor kalor yang lebih baik daripada cairan dan gas
karena dalam zat padat, jarak antarpartikel lebih dekat daripada dalam cairan
dan gas, kalor dapat dipindahkan dengan lebih cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konduksi kalor dalam logam jauh lebih baik daripada zat padat
lainnya karena logam memiliki banyak elektron bebas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elektron-elektron bebas ini bebas untuk
bergerak dalam ruang-ruang diantara partikel-partikel sebelum bertumbukan
dengan elektron-elektron bebas lain dan memindahkan sebagaian energi kalornya
ke elektron-elektron lain dengan cepat..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Konveksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aliran,
perpindahan kalor yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan massa jenis zat, proses ini
menghendaki berpindahnya partikel dalam menghantarkan kalor dari satu tempat ke
tempat yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konveksi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.1pt;">
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<![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 106px; left: 0px; margin-left: 13px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 75px; z-index: -2;"><img height="106" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/hayanet/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="75" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Memasak air<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemanasan
menimbulkan perbedaan massa jenis antara air bagian bawah dengan air bagian
atas (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bawah</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">atas</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">),
sehingga peristiwa konveksi, pergerakan air dari bawah ke atas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.1pt;">
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<![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 99px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 137px; z-index: -5;"><img height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/hayanet/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="137" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Aingin darat dan angin laut<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Angin darat - angin yang bertiup dari
darat ke laut (malam hari)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt 1.0in 84.0pt 133.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 100px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 136px; z-index: -6;"><img height="100" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/hayanet/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="136" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 133.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt 1.0in 84.0pt 133.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Angin laut-angin yang bertiup dari
laut ke darat (siang hari)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemanfaatan
konveksi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kumparan pemanas dalam ketel listrik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kumparan peniup pendingin ruangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lemari es<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 8.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Radiasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pancaran,
perpindahan kalor tanpa zat perantara atau medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penting untuk diketahui<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>permukaan yang hitam dan kusam adalah penyerap kalor radiasi yang
baik sekaligus pemancar kalor radiasi yang baik pula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>permukaan yang putih dan berkilap adalah penyerap kalor radiasi
yang buruk sekaligus pemancar kalor yang buruk pula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>jika diinginkan agar kalor yang merambat secara radiasi berkurang,
permukaan (dinding) harus dilapisi suatu bahan agar berkilap (misal dilapisi
dengan perak)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Termos<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dinding termos terbuat dari kaca – konduktor yang jelek agar tidak
dapat memindahkan kalor secara konduksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>permukaan dalam dindingnya dilapisi dengan perak mengkilap – agar
dapatmemantulkan radiasi kembali ke dalam termos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ruang antara kedua lapisan perak dihampakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(vakum),
agar tidak memungkinkan terjadinya perpindahan kalor secara konduksi dan
konveksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 10.1pt 20.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sumbat termos terbuat dari bahan isolator – menjaga agar konveksi
tidak terjadi.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 8.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in 25.9pt 42.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-81198330362945775672013-03-26T22:25:00.001-07:002013-03-26T22:25:14.236-07:00Latihan Soal Proses Terbentuknya Kesadaran Nasional dan Perkembangan Pergerakan Indonesia <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b>Latihan Soal Proses Terbentuknya Kesadaran Nasional dan Perkembangan Pergerakan Indonesia</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-left: 19pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -19pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A. Pilihlah salah satu jawaban a,b,c atau d yang paling
tepat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Salah satu dari Trias Van Deventer
adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. transmigrasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. imigrasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. emigrasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. urbanisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Pada awal berdirinya, Budi Utomo
merupakan organisasi yang bergerak di bidang ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. sosial dan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. sosial dan politik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. pendidikan dan kebudayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. sosial dan budaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.
Organisasi pergerakan pertama yang berdiri sebagai organisasi bersifat politik
adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Budi Utomo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Indische Partij<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Sarekat Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Gerindo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4. Kelompok Studi Indonesia yang
berdiri di Surabaya berubah namanya menjadi ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Partai Nasional Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Parindra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Gerindo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5. Di negeri Belanda didirikan
organisasi perjuangan oleh para pelajar Indonesia. Organisasi tersebut
adalah...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Perhimpunan Bumi Putra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Perhimpunan Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Perhimpunan Pemuda Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Perhimpunan pelajar Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6. Setelah PNI dibubarkan tahun 1930, Hatta
dan Syahrir pendidikan partai politik yang dianggap penjelmaan dari PNI. Partai
yang dimaksud bernama ..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Parindra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Gapi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. PNI Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Gerindo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7. Garis perjuangan partai politik ada
yang radikal dan ada yang moderat. Yang dapat dimasukkan dalam partai moderat
adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Partai Nasional Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Sarekat Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Indische Partij<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Budi Utomo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8. Douwes Dekker adalah seorang
keturunan Belanda, tetapi dalam perjuangannya ternyata menjadi pelopor
perdirian partai politik pada tahun 1912. Partai yang didirikan bersama Cipto
Mangunkusumo dan Suwardi Suryaningrat adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Indische Vereniging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Indische Partij<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Europische Verbond<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Inlander</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. Jawablah dengan singkat !</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Mengapa pemerintah Belanda
melaksanakan politik etis pada bangsa Indonesia ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Jelaskan ciri-ciri pergerakan
nasional !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Dan jelaskan mengapa Budi Utomo
yang dijadikan tonggak lahirnya kesadaran nasional? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Jelaskan faktor-faktor penyebab
munculnya pergerakan nasional di Indonesia !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e. Jelaskan apakah yang dimaksud
dengan Komite Bumi Putra, dan mengapa organisasi ini menjadi penting dalam
kaitannya dengan tumbuhnya kesadaran nasional ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C. Isilah titik-titik dalam kolom berkaitan dengan
landasan organisasi dari partai politik berikut:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; height: 7.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Landasan Organisasi</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 7.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Organisasi Politik</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Kebangsaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">......................................................................</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Politik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">......................................................................</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Agama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">......................................................................</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">......................................................................</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sosialis/Komunis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 7.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.65pt;" valign="top" width="281">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">......................................................................</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11508981465265772993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8197468623562592518.post-90306223397351123692013-03-26T22:12:00.001-07:002013-03-26T22:12:33.292-07:00Proses Terbentuknya Kesadaran dan Perkembangan Pergerakan Kebangsaan Indonesia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Kesadaran
nasional adalah suatu sikap yang dimiliki suatu bangsa berkaitan dengan
tanggung jawab hak dan kewajibannya. Kesadaran nasional ini tumbuh setelah
memahami sejarah bangsanya. Dengan adanya kesadaran nasional akan mampu
menumbuhkan semangat untuk bertindak menentang penjajahan. Salah satu wujud
adanya kesadaran itu adalah pertumbuhan organisasi pergerakan nasional seperti
BU, SI, Insulinde, Indische Partij, dan sebagainya. Disamping itu juga muncul
strstegi perjuangan seperti melalui cara kooperasi, non koperasi. Bangsa
Indonesia memperingati hari Kebangkitan Nasionalnya setiap tanggal 20 Mei. Hal
ini mengingatkan kita akan lahirnya Budi Utomo pada tanggal 20 Mai 1908. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dari
uraian berikut ini, kamu akan dapat memahami terbentuknya kesadaran nasional,
identitas Indonesia dan perkembangan Pergerakan Kebangsaan Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">A. TERBENTUKNYA KESADARAN NASIONAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">1.
Lahirnya kelompok intelektual </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sistem
diskriminasi rasial terjadi dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan masyarakat baik
dalam bidang politik, sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan pendidikan. Sistem yang
dikembangkan tersebut dikenal dengan Stelsel Kolonial. Masyarakat terbelah
dalam beberapa strata yaitu orang Belanda asli/totok, Belanda Campuran, Timur
Asing dan Bumi Putra (pribumi). Masyarakat pribumi ini masih memiliki
tingkatan-tingkatan seperti golongan bangsawan, priyayi dan rakyat biasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dalam
masalah pendidikanpun juga terjadi diskriminasi, karena sekolah untuk
masyarakat Eropa, Timur Asing dan kelompok bangsawan berbeda dengan sekolah
untuk golongan pribumi. Untuk pribumi adalah sekolah kelas dua, yang hanya
untuk kemampuan membaca dan menulis. Dengan demikian golongan pribumi akan
tertinggal dalam bidang intelektual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Salah satu ciri masyarakat terjajah,
adalah terbatasnya kaum cerdik pandai (intelektual). </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Jika
ingin merubah semua itu tentunya bagaimana rakyat dapat memperoleh kesempatan
belajar yang selama ini terjadi diskriminasi antara orang Belanda dengan kaum
Bumi Putra. Dalam rangka mendapatkan kesempatan untuk memperoleh pendidikan dan
pengajaran ternyata masih ada sekelompok masyarakat di Belanda yang peduli akan
nasib rakyat Indonesia itu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pada
tahun 1898, dalam majalah <i>de Gids</i>, dia menulis artikel berjudul <i>Een
Ereschuld </i>(<i>Hutang Kehormatan </i>atau <i>Hutang Budi</i>). Dijelaskannya
bahwa Belanda banyak menyengsarakan rakyat Indonesia. Telah begitu besar
kekayaan Indonesia mengalir ke Belanda (<i>politik batig slof</i>). Untuk itu,
perlu ada pengembalian kepada bangsa Indonesia oleh pemerintah Belanda, karena
itu merupakan suatu hutang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Terbatasnya
kaum cerdik pandai oleh karena bidang pendidikan bukan menjadi prioritas
Belanda. Pada masa VOC keinginan Belanda adalah bagaimana memperoleh kekayaan
sebanyak-banyaknya. Itulah sebabnya diambil kebijakan monopoli perdagangan.
Sistem Tanam Paksa yang dilakukan oleh Belanda ternyata membawa kesengsaraan
yang luar biasa bagi rakyat Indonesia. Pelaksanaan sistem tanam paksa telah
mengakibatkan rakyat Indonesia menderita. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Namun
karena desakan dari berbagai pihak terutama dari kalangan kaum liberal di
negeri Belanda lahir kemudian politik etis. Kebijaksanaan yang diambil sebagai
balas budi adalah dengan menerima konsep Th. C. Van Deventer yang dituangkan
dalam trilogi, yang meliputi i<i>rigasi, emigrasi, </i>dan <i>edukasi</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Di
atas telah disebutkan, bahwa sistem pendidikan kolonial bersifat diskriminatif.
Pada mulanya, diperkenalkan Sekolah Kelas Dua untuk anak-anak pribumi dan
Sekolah Kelas Satu untuk anak-anak pegawai negeri, orang-orang yang punya
kedudukan dalam masyarakat, dan masyarakat golongan “berpunya”. Bagi golongan
Eropa dan para bangsawan disediakan Sekolah Rendah. Sejak Abad ke-20 dibuka
sistem sekolah desa atau <i>Volksschool </i>yang lamanya tiga tahun. Bagi yang
akan melanjutkan, disediakan sekolah sambungan (<i>Vervolgschool</i>) selama
dua tahun. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic";">Bab V Proses Terbentuknya Kesadaran
Nasional </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">71
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Perkembangan sistem pendidikan itu
sebenarnya menjadi bumerang bagi Belanda di Indonesia. Walaupun sistem
pendidikan Barat memperkenalkan sistem nilai Barat, akan tetapi rasa kebangsaan
rakyat Indonesia tidaklah luntur. Hal itu terlihat dari munculnya semangat
kebangsaan, yang kemudian menjadi sebuah gerakan. Muncullah tokoh-tokoh
pergerakan nasional, seperti dr. Sutomo, dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, dan Surjadi
Suryaningrat, tidak dapat dilepaskan dari adanya kemajuan dalam bidang
pendidikan tersebut. Melalui ilmu yang diperoleh di bangku sekolah, kesadaran
mereka justru tumbuh subur untuk menyusun kekuatan, yang kemudian menjelma
menjadi organisasi modern. Semua itu tidak terlepas dari munculnya para
intelektual yang akhirnya menjadi pelopor pergerakan nasional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sumber; SNI Jilid V<b>Gambar 5.1 </b>Gedung
Kebangkitan Nasional Jakarta </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Untuk mendukung pelaksanaan Politik Etis,
pemerintah Belanda mencanangkan Politik Asosiasi dengan semboyan unifikasi.
Politik Asosiasi berkaitan dengan sikap damai dan menciptakan hubungan harmonis
antara Barat (Belanda) dan Timur (Rakyat pribumi). Dengan Politik Asosiasi dan
semboyan unifikasi, akan terjadi suatu <i>proses pembelandaan </i>terhadap
rakyat Indonesia. Namun demikian ternyata cara yang dilakukan Belanda ini tidak
memperoleh sambutan dari rakyat Indonesia sehingga kebijakan ini tidak membawa
hasil. Mereka berpandangan bahwa bangsa Belanda merasa superior, lebih kuat dan
unggul, sehingga politik Asosiasi justru menimbulkan hubungan yang <u>paternalistik</u>.
Belanda berperan sebagai Bapak dan Indonesia sebagai anak yang masih harus
dibina. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Setelah
dilaksanakannya Politik Etis sebagai salah satu kebijakan pemerintah Hindia
Belanda, banyak lembaga pendidikan mulai berdiri. Namun demikian ternyata
diskriminasi rasial menjadi salah satu hambatan masuk sekolah. Sistem
pendidikan juga dikembangkan disesuaikan dengan status sosial masyarakat
(Eropa, Timur Asing dan Bumiputra). Untuk kelompok bumiputra masih diwarnai
oleh status keturunan yang terdiri dari kelompok bangsawan kaum priyayi dn
rakyat jelata. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Berkaitan
dengan hal tersebut di atas, maka struktur pendidikan terdiri dari pendidikan
dasar yang didalamnya ada ELS (<i>Europese Legerschool</i>) dan HIS (<i>Holandsch
Inlandschool</i>) untuk keturunan Indonesia asli yang berada pada golongan
atas. Sedangkan untuk golongan Indonesia asli dari kelas bawah disediakan
Sekolah Kelas Dua. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dalam
pendidikan tingkat menengah ada HBS (<i>Hogere Burger School</i>) MULO (<i>Meer
Uitegbreit Ondewijs</i>), AMS (<i>Algemene Middelbare Aschool</i>). Disamping
itu juga ada beberapa sekolah kejuruan/keguruan seperti <i>Kweek School,
Normaal School</i>.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic";">Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Kelas VIII </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">72 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Untuk pendidikan tinggi, ada Pendidikan
Tinggi Teknik (<i>Koninklijk Instituut voor Hoger Technisch Ondewijs in
Nederlandsch Indie</i>), Sekolah Tinggi Hukum (<i>Rechschool</i>), dan Sekolah
Tinggi Kedokteran yang berkembang sejak dari Sekolah Dokter Jawa, STOVIA, NIAS
dan GHS (<i>Geneeskundige Hogeschool</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pendidikan
kesehatan (kedokteran tersebut di atas) yang sejak 2 Januari 1849 semula lahir
sebagai Sekolah Dokter Jawa, kemudian pda tahun 1875 diubah menjadi Ahli
Kesehatan Bumiputra (<i>Inlandsch Geneeskundige</i>). Dalam perkembangannya
pada tahun 1902 menjadi dokter Bumiputra (<i>Inlandsch Arts</i>). Sekolah ini
diberi nama STOVIA (<i>School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen</i>) yang
kemudian pada tahun 1913 diubah menjadi NIAS (<i>Nederlandsch Indische
Artsenschool</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Di
atas telah dikatakan bahwa munculnya sistem pendidikan tidak dapat dipisahkan
dengan politik etis. Dari sinilah mulai adanya perhatian terhadap perkembangan
pendidikan mengingat salah satu dari Trilogi van Deventer secara eksplisit
menyebutkan mengenai edukasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Jika
dikaitkan dengan lahirnya pergerkan nasional, peranan lulusan sekolah Belanda
memiliki posisi yang sangat penting. Hal ini terbukti dengan kehadirannya
sebagai pelopor dalam pergerakan nasional dengan mendirikan organisasi seperti
studie Fond maupun Budi Utomo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">2.
Peranan Pers Dalam Pergerakan Nasional </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Salah
satu hal mendasar yang dialami oleh para pejuang, khususnya pada masa
pergerakan nasional adalah bagaimana mengkomunikasikan perjuangan itu pada
pihak lain. Kurangnya komunikasi ini dapat memberikan dampak negatif dalam
sebuah perjuangan. Komunikasi sangat bermanfaat dalam upaya mengkoordinasikan
perjuangan. Salah satu sarana yang dapat dipergunakan untuk mengkomunikasikan
perjuangan itu adalah melalui pers. Ketajaman “pena” pers itu dapat memberikan
motivasi pada para pejuang, sebab bagaimanapun sebuah terbitan pasti memiliki
“warna” dan nuansa yang subjektif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Secara
umum, pers harus mampu memeperjuangkan objektivitas, menjadi alat pendidikan,
alat penyalur aspirasi, sebagai lembaga pengawasan dan juga sebagai upaya untuk
penggalangan opini umum. Dengan demikian, pers dapat berfungsi sebgai alat
perjuangan bangsa. Bagi bangsa Indonesia pada masa pergerakan nasional itu,
pers dapat berfungsi sebagai alat propaganda demi kepentingan bangsa Indonesia.
Oleh karena itu, kedudukan pers amat penting. Pers yang berbahasa Melayu, dalam
perjuangan bangsa Indonesia, amat penting karena dapat menarik pembaca dari
kelompok Bumi Putra. Keberadaan pers yang berbahasa Melayu merupakan ancaman
bagi pers Belanda atau pers Tionghoa. Oleh karena itu, dalam usaha untuk
menarik pembaca, pemerintah Belanda juga menerbitkan pers berbahasa Melayu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pers
mampu memberikan sumbangan terhadap timbulnya kesadaran bangsa Indonesia.
Sebagai contoh, setelah Budi Utomo didirikan pada tanggal 20 Mei 1908, surat
edaran yang berkaitan dengan pendirian BU itu dimuat dalam Surat Khabar <i>De
Locomotif </i>dan <i>Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad</i>. Hal yang sama juga dilakukan
oleh majalah Jong Indie. Pemuatan surat edaran </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">pendirian Budi Utomo itu memberikan nilai
positif karena masyarakat segera tahu sesuatu telah terjadi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Memperingati
100 tahun bebasnya negara ini dari kekuasaan Perancis mendapatkan reaksi yang
amat keras. Hal itu terlihat dari pemuatan tulisan Suwardi Surjaningrat dalam
surat kabar <i>de’ Express </i>(surat kabar yang dimiliki Indische Partij).
Peranan pers tidak terbatas pada terbitan di Hindia Belanda. Di luar negeri pun
(negeri Belanda) Perhimpunan Indonesia menerbitkan Indonesia Merdeka.
Penerbitan tersebut memberikan sumbangan besar dalam mengkomunikasikan
perjuangan bangsa Indonesia di luar negeri. Ini terbukti dari seringnya
Perhimpunan Indonesia mengikuti pertemuan internasional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">B. MUNCULNYA ORGANISASI PERGERAKAN
NASIONAL </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Nasionalisme
jika dilihat dari aspek bahasa, memiliki akar kata <i>Natie </i>(Belanda), atau
<i>nation </i>(Inggris) yang berarti bangsa. Nasionalisme adalah faham yang
berkaitan denga kecintaan terhadap tanah air. Orang yang bersifat nasionalis
adalah orang yang mencintai bangsa dan tanah airnya. Kehadiran Jong Java
mendorong lahirnya beberapa perkumpulan serupa, seperti lahirnya Pasundan, <i>Jong
Sumatranen Bond</i>, Jong Minahasa, Jong Batak, Jong Ambon, Jong Selebes, <i>Timorees
ver Bond</i>, PPPI (Perhimpunan Pelajar- Pelajar Indonesia), Pemuda Indonesia/
Jong Indonesia, <i>Jong Islamienten Bond</i>, Kepanduan, dan sebagainya. Semua
organisasi tersebut mendorong timbulnya kesadaran nasional bangsa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">1. Budi
Utomo (BU) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Budi
Utomo sebagai pelopor Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia memiliki semboyan hendak
meningkatkan martabat rakyat. Mas Ngabehi Wahidin Sudiro Husodo, seorang dokter
di Yogyakarta dan termasuk golongan priyayi rendahan. Dalam tahun 1906 dan 1907
mulai mengadakan kampanye di kalangn priyayi di pulau Jawa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Di
bawah pimpinan Wahidin Sudirohusodo, diupayakan pengumpulan dana untuk
memajukan pendidikan di Indonesia. Untuk merealisasikan tujuan tersebut,
didirikan <i>Studie Fond</i>. Studie ini merupakan badan yang bertujuan
mengumpulkan dana untuk memberikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada
masa pergerakan nasional banyak sekali muncul organisasi-organisasi. Ada yang
bersifat politik, agama, ekonomi,budaya, pendidikan, pemuda, dan wanita. Agar
Anda lebih memahami organisasi tersebut simaklah dengan seksama teks berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">kesempatan yang lebih luas kepada bangsa
Indonesia dalam memperoleh pendidikan dan pengajaran di sekolah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Cita-cita
luhur itu ternyata kurang memperoleh dukungan, khususnya, dari golongan
priyayi. Usaha Wahidin Sudiro Husodo tersebut, ternyata mempengaruhi jiwa
Sutomo, seorang mahasiswa STOVIA Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pada
tanggal 20 Mei 1908, para mahasiswa STOVIA memproklamasikan berdirinya Budi
Utomo. Pada kesempatan itu, Sutomo ditunjuk sebagai ketuanya. Organisasi yang
baru berdiri itu menentukan keanggotaannya, dari golongan terpelajar
(intelektual). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pada
awalnya, Budi Utomo bukanlah organisasi politik. Hal itu dapat dilihat dari
tujuan yang ingin dicapainya. Tujuan tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">a.
Mengupayakan hubungan kekeluargaan atas segenap bangsa Bumi Putera, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">b.
Mengadakan perbaikan pelajaran di sekolah-sekolah,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">c.
Mendirikan badan wakaf yang akan mengumpulkan dana untuk kepentingan belanja
anak-anak sekolah, dan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">d.
Memajukan kebudayaan dan menjunjung tinggi cita-cita kemanusiaan dalam upaya
mencapai kehidupan yang layak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Budi
Utomo mengadakan Kongres pertama di Yogyakarta, pada tanggal 3 Oktober sampai
dengan 5 Oktober 1908. Dalam kongres yang dihadiri delapan cabang tersebut,
dihasilkan susunan pengurus sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Ketua
: Raden Tumenggung Aryo Tirtokusumo (Bupati Karanganyar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Wakil
Ketua : Wahidin Sudiro Husodo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sekretaris
I : Mas Ngabei Dwidjosewojo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sekretaris
II : Raden Sostrosugondo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Bendahara
: Raden Mas Panji Gondoatmodjo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Komisaris
: Raden Mas Arjo Surdiputro, R.M. Panji Gondosumarjo, R. Djojosubroto, dan
Tjipto Mangunkusumo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Terpilihnya R.T.A. Tirtokusumo, seorang
bupati, ialah untuk lebih memberikan kekuatan pada Budi Utomo, walaupuin
dipilihnya karena ditunjuk oleh Gubernur Jenderal. Sebagai bupati, ia
diharapkan dapat memberikan dampak positif dalam menggalang keanggotaan Budi
Utomo. Oleh karena ketuanya seorang bupati, Budi Utomo memilih garis perjuangan
kooperasi, artinya bersedia bekerjasama dengan Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Budi
Utomo merupakan pelopor organisasi moderen. Organissi ini menjadi model bagi
gerakan berikutnya. Walaupun ruang lingkup kegiatan Budi Utomo terbatas pada
golongan terpelajar dan wilayahnya meliputi Jawa, Madura dan Bali, akan tetapi
Budi Utomo menjadi tonggak awal kebangkitan nasional. Karena itu, oleh Bangsa
Indonesia, kelahiran Budi Utomo <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sumber;
SNI Jilid V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">diperingati sebagai <i>Hari Kebangkitan
Nasional</i>. Keputusan tersebut tertuang dalam Keputusan Presiden Republik
Indonesia, Nomor 31, tanggal 16 Desember 1959.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">2.
Sarekat Islam (SI) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Semula,
organisasi ini bernama Sarekat Dagang Islam (SDI) yang didirikan pada tahun
1911 oleh Haji Samanhudi. Kelahiran SDI didorong dengan adanya keinginan untuk
bersaing dengan pedagang Tionghoa dalam monopoli perdagangan batik di Solo.
Dengan sistem monopoli yang dilakukan oleh para pedagang Tionghoa itu, para
pengrajin batik yang ada di Solo sangat dirugikan, terutama dalam penentuan
harga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">SDI
didirikan di Kota Solo oleh H. Samanhudi dengan maksud untuk memajukan
perdagangan di bawah panji-panji Islam, SDI juga memiliki tujuan seperti yang
terumus dalam anggaran dasarnya sebagai berikut,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">a.
Mengembangkan jiwa berdagang,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">b.
Memberi bantuan kepada para anggotanya yang mengalami kesukaran,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">c.
Memajukan pengajaran dan mempercepat naiknya derajat Bangsa Bumi Putra, dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">d.
Menggalang persatuan umat Islam khususnya dalam memajukan kehidupan Agama
Islam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Ruang
lingkup keanggotaan SDI terbatas (hanya pedagang yang beragama Islam). Itu
merupakan penghalang bagi upaya SDI untuk menjangkau keanggotaan yang lebih
luas. Oleh karena itu, ada keinginan agar SDI menjelma menjadi organisasi
massa. Untuk itu, pada tahun 1912, Sarekat Dagang Islam diubah menjadi Sarekat
Islam (SI). Dengan perubahan itu, Sarekat Islam menjadi organisasi yang terbuka
sehingga memungkinkan untuk menjangkau keanggotaan yang lebih banyak karena
Islam menjadi identitas pribumi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sarekat
Islam berkembang dengan pesat karena Agama Islam menjadi motivasinya.
Perkembangan Sarekat Islam amat mengkhawatirkan Belanda. Dalam rangka
memantapkan keberadaan Sarekat Islam, ada upaya untuk mendapatkan badan hukum
dari Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda. Karena itu, Sarekat Islam mengajukan badan
hukum. Keinginan tersebut, ternyata ditolak oleh Belanda, yang memperoleh badan
hukum justru Sarekat Islam lokal, sehingga terjadi perpecahan diberbagai
daerah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Perpecahan
semula terjadi antara Agus Salim dan Abdul Muis dengan Semaun. Kedua tokoh itu
memiliki pandangan yang bertolak belakang. Agus Salim adalah seorang yang
agamis (religius), sedangkan Semaun seorang sosialis (bahkan komunis). Dalam
Kongres Sarekat Islam, tahun 1921, dilakukan disiplin partai. Tidak
diperkenankan adanya keanggotaan rangkap maupun jabatan rangkap antara SI
dengan oraganisasi lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">3.
Perhimpunan Indonesia </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Orang-orang
Indonesia yang ada di Negeri Belanda pada tahun 1908, mendirikan organisasi
yang diberi nama <i>Indische Vereniging</i>. Pelopor berdirinya organisasi ini
adalah Sultan Kasayangan seorang mahasiswa dan Noto Suroto seorang penyair dari
Jogjakarta. Tujuan yang dirumuskan oleh organisasi ini adalah memajukan
kepentingan bersama atas orang-orang yang berasal dari Indonesia, baik yang
pribumi maupun nonpribumi, yang ada di Negeri Belanda. Dalam perkembangannya, <i>Indische
Vereniging</i>, pada tahun 1925, diganti </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">namanya menjadi Perhimpunan Indonesia, dan
sejak itu nama perkumpulan ini menggunakan istilah “Indonesia”. Hal ini menjadi
penting karena mulai digunakan kata Indonesia sebagai upaya menunjukkan
identitas kita. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Kedatangan
tokoh-tokoh pergerakan nasional ke Negeri Belanda seperti Tjipto Mangunkusumo
dan Suwardi Suryaningrat, dan Muhammad Hatta sangat menguntungkan perkembangan
Perhimpunan Indonesia. Pada masa kepemimpinan Muhammad Hatta, aktivitas
Perhimpunan Indonesia semakin meluas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sumber; SNI Jilid V<b>Gambar 5.3 </b>Para
Pemimpin PI <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Perhimpunan Indonesia banyak mengikuti
pertemuan internasional, seperti konferensi internasional yang diadakan di
Paris dan Belgia, sehingga mereka dapat mengomunikasikan perjuangan Bangsa
Indonesia kepada dunia internasional. Perjuangannya bersifat <i>non-cooperasi </i>dan
<i>self help</i>. PI memiliki media, yaitu majalah Hindia Putra. Melalui media
ini perjuangan dan cita-cita Bangsa Indonesia disampaikan kepada pihak lain.
Untuk lebih menunjukkan sifat ke-Indonesiaannya, nama Hindia Putra diganti
menjadi Indonesia Merdeka. Keberadaan PI dalam sejarah Pergerakan Nasional
memiliki arti penting mengingat organisasi itu juga membuka keanggotaannya
untuk semua mahasiswa yang ada di Hindia Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">4.
Indische Partij (IP) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Indische
Partai didirikan pada tanggal 2 Desember 1912 sebagai organisasi politik
didirikan oleh Tjipto Mangunkusumo, Suwardi Surjaningrat, dan seorang keturunan
Belanda yaitu E.F.E. Douwes Dekker. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pendirian
<i>Indische Partij </i>juga dimaksudkan untuk menggantikan <i>Indische Bond </i>yang
merupakan organisasi orang-orang Indo dan Eropa di Indonesia. Tujuan yang ingin
dicapai oleh <i>Indische Partij </i>adalah membangun patriotisme sesama “<i>Indiers</i>”
terhadap tanah air yang memberi lapangan hidup kepada mereka. Tujuannya adalah
bekerja sama atas dasar persamaan ketatanegaraan dalam memajukan tanah air. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dalam
upaya mempertahankan keberadaannya sebagai organisasi, para pemimpinnya
berupaya agar mendapatkan pengakuan dari pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Akan tetapi
usaha itu gagal karena pemerintah Hindia Belanda dengan segala cara selalu
melarang berdirinya organisasi yang dianggap membahayakan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dengan semboyan <i>Indie voor Indier</i>s
yang artinya Indonesia untuk Bangsa Indonesia, organisasi itu berusaha
membangkitkan semangat cinta tanah air walaupun tanpa badan hukum. Karena
gerakannya yang radikal, organisasi itu dianggap berbahaya. Akibatnya, para
pemimpinnya mendapatkan kesulitan dalam melakukan aktivitas organisasi.
Lebih-lebih setelah terjadi polemik Suwardi Surjaningrat dengan pemerintah
Belanda dalam artikelnya “<i>Als ik een Nederlanders was</i>” yang dimuat dalam
<i>de’Express</i>. Polemik itu terjadi setelah tulisaannya itu diterjemahkan
dalam bahasa Melayu/Indonesia. Akibatnya para pemimpinnya ditangkap dan
diasingkan ke negeri Belanda. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">5.
Indische Social Democratische Vereniging (ISDV) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Para
pegawai Belanda di Indonesia, semula, mendirikan <i>Indische Social
Democratische Veregining </i>(ISDV). Dalam perkembangannya, ISDV, pada tanggal
20 Mei 1920, diubah menjadi Partai Komunis Hindia. Setelah itu, diubah lagi
menjadi Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). Pengurusnya ialah Semaun (Ketua),
Darsono (Wakil Ketua), Bergsma (Sekretaris) dan anggota pengurus yang terdiri
dari Baars, Sugono, dan H.W. Dekker sebagai bendahara. Partai Komunis Indonesia
(PKI) secara resmi berdiri tanggal 23 Mei 1920. Tokoh yang ada di belakang
pendirian PKI adalah Sneevlit, seorang pegawai Belanda yang dikirim ke
Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pada
tanggal 13 November 1926, PKI mengadakan pemberontakan di Banten, Sumatera
disusul tindakan kekerasan di Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur. Banyak
penangkapan terhadap tokoh perjuangan, yang dibuang ke Digul dan Tanah Merah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">6.
Partai Nasional Indonesi (PNI) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Partai
Nasional Indonesia (PNI) lahir di Bandung pada tanggal 4 Juli 1927. Kelahiran
PNI tidak terlepas dari peranan <i>Algemeen Studie Club</i>, yaitu suatu
kelompok studi para mahasiswa di Bandung. Rapat pendirian PNI, dihadiri oleh
Ir. Soekarno, dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo, Sudjadi, Mr. Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo, Mr.
Budiarto dan Mr. Soenarjo. Pada rapat pendirian tersebut, terbentuklah susunan
pengurus yang disahkan dalam kongres PNI pertama di Surabaya tanggal 27 sampai
30 Mei 1928. Susunan pengurusnya adalah sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Ketua/Pemuka : Ir. Soekarno <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sekretaris/Bendahara
: Mr. Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Anggota
: dr. Samsi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mr. Sartono <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mr. Soenarjo <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ir. Anwari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sumber;
SNI Jilid V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dalam
Kongres tersebut juga mengesahkan program kerja yang meliputi bidang politik
untuk mencapai Indonesia merdeka, memajukan perekonomian nasional, dan
memajukan pelajaran nasional. Oleh karena itu, dalam mewujudkannya kemudian
didirikan sekolah-sekolah, poliklinik-poliklinik, bank nasional, dan
perkumpulan koperasi. Garis perjuangan PNI adalah <i>non-cooperative</i>,
artinya tidak mau bekerja sama dengan pemerintah kolonial Belanda. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Karena
ketatnya pengawasan politik oleh pihak kolonial Belanda, para tokoh PNI
kemudian ditangkap pada tahun 1930. Akibatnya, Soekarno, Gatot Mangkuprodjo,
Markum Sumodiredjo, dan Supriadinata ditangkap dan dajatuhi hukuman oleh
pengadilan Bandung. Dalam sidang tersebut, Soekarno menulis pembelaan deangan
judul <i>Indonesia Menggugat. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Penangkapan
terhadap tokoh PNI merupakan pukulan berat sehingga menggoyahkan kehidupan
partai tersebut. Dalam suatu kongres luar biasa di Jakarta tanggal 25 April
1931, diambil keputusan bahwa PNI dibubarkan. Pembubaran PNI ini membawa
perpecahan pada para pendukungnya. Sartono kemudian mendirikan Partindo
sedangkan Moh. Hatta dan Sutan Syahrir mendirikan PNI Baru (Pendidikan Nasional
Indonesia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">7.
Permufakatan Perhimpunan Perhimpunan Politik Kebangsaan Indonesia (PPPKI) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Pendirian
PPPKI atas usul PNI bersama-sama Sarekat Islam, BU, Pasundan, <i>Sumatransche
Bond</i>, Kaum Betawi, <i>Indonesische Studie Club</i>, dan <i>Algmeen Studie
Club</i>. Kesepakatan itu terjadi dalam rapat tanggal 17 sampai 18 Desember
1927. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari federasi ini adalah kesatuan aksi dalam
menghadapi imperialisme Belanda. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sebagai
suatu federasi dari gerakan kebangsaan PPPKI, mampu mengordinasikan gerakan
yang ada, baik yang radikal maupun yang maderat. Upaya PPPKI yang memberikan
sumbangan terhadap perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">a.
PPPKI mendirikan badan yang bertugas memberikan bantuan terhadap pembebasan
pelajar di negeri Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">b.
PPPKI mengadakan rapat tahun 1930 karena terjadinya penangkapan terhadap para
pemimpin <i>Frond Nasional </i>yang diharapakan dapat memberikan bantuan
terhadap keluarga yang ditinggalkan karena masuk penjara Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">c.
PPPKI ikut menghadiri Kongres Indonesia Raya tahun 1932. Dalam kongres itu
diusahakan peredaan ketegangan diantara organisasi-organisasi politik yang ada
di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">8.
Gabungan Politik Indonesia (GAPI) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">TekananPemerintahan
Kolonial Belanda mengakibatkan PPPKI sebagai suatu federasi tidak dapat
menjalankan fungsinya. Oleh karena itu, dalam rapat pendirian <i>Concentrasi
Nasional </i>yang diadakan tanggal 21 Mei 1939 di Batavia, didirikan GAPI,
sebuah federasi baru. Yang menjadi anggotanya adalah Parindra, Gerindro,
Pasundan, Persatuan Minahasa, PSII, PII, dan Partai Katolik. Yang menjadi latar
belakang berdirinya GAPI adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">a.
kegagalan Petisi Sutardjo,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">b.
kegentingan nasional akibat timbulnya bahaya fasis, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; page-break-before: always; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">c. sikap pemerintah kolonial Belanda yang
kurang memperhatikan kepentingan Bangsa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Di
dalam anggaran dasarnya, GAPI mencantumkan hak untuk menentukan sendiri,
persatuan nasional, dan persatuan aksi seluruh pergerakan Indonesia. Semboyan
yang dikumandangkan dalam konferensi pertamanya tanggal 4 Juli 1939 adalah <i>Indonesia
berparlemen</i>. GAPI mengeluarkan pernyataan yang dikenal dengan nama <i>Manifesto
GAPI </i>yang isinya menyerukan kepada semua pihak untuk waspada terhadap
bahaya fisis. Untuk pertama kalinya, GAPI dipimpin oleh M.H. Husni Tamrin, Amir
Syarifuddin, dan Abikusno Tjokrosujono. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">9.
Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Adanya
tekanan terhadap organisasi politik <i>non cooperative </i>oleh pemerintah
kolonial Belanda, menyebabkan <i>Studie Club </i>mulai memfungsikan dirinya
dalam membina kader-kader bangsa. Karena itulah, <i>Indonesische Studie Club
Surabaya </i>yang dipimpin oleh dr. Sutomo mulai mengembangkan pengaruhnya di
kalangan masyarakat. Diubahlah <i>Indonesische Studie Club </i>menjadi
Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia (PBI) pada tahun 1931. PBI merupakan salah satu
cikal bakal dari Parindra. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">C. SUMPAH PEMUDA DAN TERBENTUKNYA IDENTITAS BANGSA </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Peranan
pemuda dalam pergerakan nasional dimulai sejak berdirinya Budi Utomo tanggal 20
Mei 1908. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, organisasi itu lebih banyak diikuti
oleh golongan tua. Oleh karena itu, para pemuda selalu ingin menggalang
kekuatan yang merupakan pencerminan aktivitas para pemuda. Pada tanggal 7 Maret
1915, di Jakarta, para pemuda seperti dr. R. Satiman Wirjosandjojo, Kadarman,
dan Sunardi mendirikan organisasi kepemudaan yang keanggotaannya terdiri dari
anak sekolah menengah di Jawa dan Madura. Perkumpulan itu diberi nama <i>Trikoro
Dharmo. Trikoro Dharmo </i>artinya tiga tujuan mulia yang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Istilah
Indonesia mulai muncul yang disuarakan oleh berbagai kalangan, baik itu tertera
dalam tujuan perkumpulan seperti pemuda, perempuan maupun keputusan yang
dihasilkan dalam suatu pertemuan yang dilakukan seperti dalam Sumpah Pemuda</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">meliputi: <b>sakti, budi, </b>dan <b>bakti</b>.
Tujuan perkumpulan ini adalah mencapai Jawa Raya dengan cara memperkokoh rasa
persatuan antar pemuda Jawa, Madura, Sunda, Bali, dan Lombok. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Dalam
rangka untuk mewujudkan persatuan, pada kongres di Solo tanggal 12 Juli 1918,
Trikoro Dharmo diubah menjadi Jong Java. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai ialah
mendidik para anggota supaya kelak dapat memberikan tenaganya untuk membangun
Jawa Raya. Cara yang harus ditempuh untuk mewujudkan tujuan itu adalah
mempererat perasatuan, menambah pengetahuan anggota serta berusaha menimbulkan
rasa cinta pada budaya sendiri. Dalam perjuangannya, Jong Java tidak melibatkan
diri dalam masalah politik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Kehadiran
Jong Java ini mendorong lahirnya beberapa perkumpulan serupa, seperti lahirnya
Pasundan, <i>Jong Sumatranen Bond</i>, Jong Minahasa, Jong Batak, Jong Ambon,
Jong Selebes, <i>Timorees ver Bond</i>, PPPI (Perhimpunan Pelajar-Pelajar
Indonesia), Pemuda Indonesia/ Jong Indonesia, <i>Jong Islamienten Bond</i>,
Kepanduan, dan sebagainya. Di samping gerakan-gerakan pemuda, juga terdapat
organisasi wanita seperti Puteri Indonesia, Aisijah, Wanita Sarekat Ambon, dan
Organisasi Wanita Taman Siswa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Keberadaan
organisasi yang bersifat kedaerahan itu melahirkan keinginan untuk menciptakan
wadah tunggal pemuda Indonesia. Kongres Pemuda Pertama dilaksanakan mulai
tanggal 30 April 1926 sampai dengan 2 Mei 1926 di Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Tujuan
yang ingin dicapai dalam Kongres Pemuda I ini adalah menanamkan semangat kerja
sama antar perkumpulan pemuda di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, ada upaya untuk
membentuk wadah federasi dari organisasi pemuda Indonesia. Pada tanggal 31
Agustus 1926, disahkan perhimpunan baru yang bernama <i>Jong Indonesia</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Perjuangan
untuk menyatukan kehendak para pemuda akhirnya menjadi kenyataan. Atas
inisisatif PPPI, pada tanggal 27-28 Oktober 1928, dilaksanakan Kongres Pemuda
Indonesia II yang tujuannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">1.
Melahirkan cita-cita semua perkumpulan pemuda-pemuda Indonesia,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">2.
Membicarakan beberapa masalah pergerakan pemuda Indonesia,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">3.
Memperkuat kesadaran kebangsaan Indonesia dan memperteguh persatuan Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Kongres
yang mengambil keputusan untuk mengadakan fusi dan berbagai perkumpulan pemuda
itu akhirnya melahirkan suatu momentum yang berupa Sumpah Pemuda yang
rinciannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">PERTAMA:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">KAMI POETRA DAN POETRI INDONESIA MENGAKOE</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">BERTOEMPAH DARAH SATOE, TANAH INDONESIA</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">KEDUA:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">KAMI POETRA DAN POETRI INDONESIA MENGAKOE</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">BERBANGSA JANG SATOE, BANGSA INDONESIA</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">KETIGA:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">KAMI POETRA DAN POETRI INDONESIA MENGAKOE</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">MENJOENJOENG BAHASA PERSATOEAN, BAHASA
INDONESIA </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Keputusan yang kemudian disebut <i>Sumpah
Pemuda </i>oleh Bangsa Indonesia tersebut diperingati tiap tahun sebagai “Hari
Sumpah Pemuda” dan sekaligus “Hari Pemuda</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Indonesia”.
Selain mengucapkan sumpah, pada saat itu diperkenalkan “Lagu Kebangsaan
Indonesia Raya” yang diciptakan oleh Wage Rudolf Supratman danpengibaran
bendera “Pusaka” Sang Merah Putih. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Walaupun
telah menghasilkan Sumpah Pemuda, para pemuda belum mampu menciptakan fusi
wadah bagi para pemuda Indonesia. Walaupun demikian, dengan tercetusnya Sumpah
Pemuda itu, telah memberikan bukti atas ketegasan konsepsi perjuangan bangsa
Indonesia yang bersatu dan berdaulat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Tekad
untuk persatuan itu akhirnya menjadi kenyataan setelah tanggal 31 Desember 1930
dalam Konferensi Pemuda di Solo terbentuk “Indonesia Moeda”. Hal tersebut
memberikan bukti bahwa para pemuda kita lebih mengutamakan persatuan dan
kepentingan bangsa daripada kepentingan pribadi, golongan, maupun kedaerahan.
Dengan demikian, kehadiran Indonesia Moeda merupakan pelopor dalam upaya secara
nyata untuk mengutamakan persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Sumber: SNI Jilid V</span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Gambar 5.5 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Kongres Perempuan
Tahun 1928 di Yogyakarta </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Disamping gerakan pemuda, gerakan wanita
juga tidak tinggal diam. Hal ini nampak dari berdirinya Putri Indonesia,
Aisiyah (bagian wanita Muhammadiyah), Wanita Serikat Ambon, dan Organisasi
Wanita Taman Siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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